“The reign of Abdul Hamid (1876-1909), the last Ottoman autocrat, was characterized by despotism and by the attempt to re-launch a pan-Islamic policy. At the same time, and with the help of European Freemasonry, the Party of the Young Turks started to assert itself, a revolutionary movement composed mainly of young officials who fought for the secularization of the country and who won power in 1908.”
Turkey in Europe: benefit or catastrophe?
by Roberto De Mattei
Gracewing, 2009, page 5.
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